Хранителни разстройства при мъже и момчета
Въпреки стереотипът, че хранителните разстройства се проявяват единствено при жените, между трима души страдащи от хранително разстройство един от тях е мъж. Също субклиничните поведения водещи до хранителни разстройства(прекомерното използване на слабителни, преяждане и гладуване с цел отслабване) са почти толкова често срещани при мъжете, колкото и при жените.
Въпреки големият брой на мъже страдащи от хранителни разстройства, голяма част от тях не търсят помощ и лечение заради културните пристрастия
Добрата новина е, че веднъж получили помощ мъжете показват подобени резултати от лечението, като жените.
Няколко фактора водят до недиагностицирането и подценяването на хранителното разстройство при мъжете и момчетата. Мъжете често се сблъскват с двойната стигматизация на това, че страдат от феминизирано или “гей” разстройство и това, че търсят психологическа помощ. В допълнение оценъчните тестове написани на език, който е насочен предимно към момичета и жени, също води до недоразбирането относно естеството на разстройствата на храненето при мъжете.
Съображения за лечението
Лечението не е еднакво при всички. За всеки човек, биологичните и културните фактори би трябвало да се вземат под внимание, за да се осигури ефективна лечебна среда.
Проучванията сочак, че рискът от фатален край е по-висок при мъжете с хранителни разстройства, отколкото при жените- ранната намеса е изключително важна.
Подходът съобразен с пола заедно с признаване на различни потребности и динамика за мъжете е от решаващо значение при ефективното лечение. Мъжете и момчетата на лечение могат да се чувстват не на място, когато са обградени предимно от жени, и се препоръчва среда за лечение само на мъже – когато е възможно.
Мъжете и момчетата с анорексия нервоза обикновено проявяват ниски нива на тестостерон и витамин D и имат висок риск от остеопения и остеопороза. Често се препоръчва добавка на тестостерон.
Мъжете и възприемането на тялото
Има много изследвания върху образа на мъжкото тяло и резултатите варират значително. Много мъже имат погрешни схващания за теглото и телосложението си, особено за значението на мускулатурата.
Констатациите включват:
Повечето мъже биха искали да бъдат стройни и мускулести, което обикновено представлява „идеалния“ тип мъжко тяло.
Излагането на непостижими образи в медиите води до недоволство от мъжкото тяло.
Сексуалната обективизация на мъжете и интернализирането на медийните образи предсказва стремеж за “мъжественост”.
Желанието за повишена мускулатура не е рядкост и се наблюдава във всички възрастови групи.
Статистиката сочи, че 25% от мъжете с нормално тегло възприемат себе си като с поднормено тегло, а 90% от подрастващите момчета тренират с цел натрупване.
Мускулната дисморфия, подтип на дисморфично разстройство на тялото, е нововъзникващо състояние, което засяга преди всичко мъжки културисти. Такива индивиди се обсебват от идеята да бъдат “адекватно” мускулести. Компулсиите включват прекарване на много часове във фитнес залата, разточване на прекомерни суми за добавки, ненормални модели на хранене или употреба на стероиди.
Източник: https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/learn/general-information/research-on-males
Photo by Victor Freitas on Unsplash
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